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The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks' War (also known as the Unification War, Prussian–German War, German Civil War, or Fraternal War and in Germany as German War) was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In the Italian unification process, this is called the Third Independence War. The major result of the war was a shift in power among the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony, and impetus towards the unification of all of the northern German states in a ''ドイツ語:Kleindeutschland'' that excluded Austria. It saw the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by a North German Confederation that excluded Austria and the South German states. The war also resulted in the Italian annexation of the Austrian province of Venetia. == Causes == For centuries, Central Europe was split into a few large states and hundreds of tiny entities, each maintaining its independence with the assistance of outside powers, particularly France. Austria, the personal territory of the Habsburg Emperors, was traditionally considered the leader of the German states, but Prussia was becoming increasingly powerful and by the late 18th century was ranked as one of the great powers of Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was formally disbanded in 1806 when the political makeup of Central Europe was re-organised by Napoleon.〔Peter H. Wilson, ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806'' (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) p. 1.〕 The German states were drawn into the ambit of the Confederation of the Rhine (''Rheinbund'') which was forced to submit to French influence until the defeat of the French Emperor.〔Charles Ingrao, ''The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) pp. 229–30.〕 After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, the German states were once again reorganized into a loose confederation: the German Confederation, under Austrian leadership. In the meantime, partly in reaction to the triumphant French nationalism of Napoleon I and partly as an organic feeling of commonality glorified during the romantic era, German nationalism became a potent force during this period. The ultimate aim of most German nationalists was the gathering of all Germans under one state. Two ideas of national unity eventually came to the fore. One was a "Greater Germany" (''ドイツ語:Großdeutsche Lösung'') that would include all German-speaking lands, including and dominated by the multi-national empire of Austria; the other (preferred by Prussia) was a "Lesser Germany" (''ドイツ語:Kleindeutsche Lösung'') that would exclude Austria and other southern German states (e.g. Luxembourg and Liechtenstein) and be dominated by Prussia. The pretext for the conflict was found in the dispute between Prussia and Austria over the administration of Schleswig-Holstein, which the two of them had conquered from Denmark and agreed to jointly occupy at the end of the Second Schleswig War in 1864. When Austria brought the dispute before the German Diet and also decided to convene the Diet of Holstein, Prussia declared that the Gastein Convention had thereby been nullified and invaded Holstein. When the German Diet responded by voting for a partial mobilization against Prussia, Bismarck claimed that the German Confederation was ended. Crown Prince Frederick "was the only member of the Prussian Crown Council to uphold the rights of the Duke of Augustenberg and oppose the idea of a war with Austria which he described as ''fratricide''." Although he supported unification and the restoration of the medieval empire, "Fritz could not accept that war was the right way to unite Germany." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Austro-Prussian War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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